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American Government and Politics Today, Brief

By Steffen W. Schmidt, Mack C. Shelley II, Barbara A. Bardes, Brian R. King

12th Edition © 2026
Discipline:Political Science
Course:American Government
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About your course materials

Schmidt/Shelley/Bardes/King’s “American Government and Politics Today, Brief,” 12th Edition, includes new content, features and updates of contemporary events through the 2024 elections focusing on critical thinking and analysis, including higher-order learning outcomes and critical analysis questions at the end of chapter sections. Researched and cited material ensures quality of content and models academic rigor. Balanced topics and chapters have been rewritten with Generation Z in mind. The four-color design and up-to-date news and analysis helps students understand the U.S. political system to be informed citizens and participants in the political process. The succinct, balanced text covers the impact of the 2024 elections, key 2021 and 2022 Supreme Court cases, President Biden's administration, Black Lives Matter, police brutality, unemployment, trade wars, cyberattacks and more.

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About this product

Schmidt/Shelley/Bardes/King’s “American Government and Politics Today, Brief,” 12th Edition, includes new content, features and updates of contemporary events through the 2024 elections focusing on critical thinking and analysis, including higher-order learning outcomes and critical analysis questions at the end of chapter sections. Researched and cited material ensures quality of content and models academic rigor. Balanced topics and chapters have been rewritten with Generation Z in mind. The four-color design and up-to-date news and analysis helps students understand the U.S. political system to be informed citizens and participants in the political process. The succinct, balanced text covers the impact of the 2024 elections, key 2021 and 2022 Supreme Court cases, President Biden's administration, Black Lives Matter, police brutality, unemployment, trade wars, cyberattacks and more.

Table of contents

Chapters

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Part I. The American System
Part II. The Politics of American Democracy
Part III. Institutions of American Government
Part IV. Policymaking
Appendix A. The Declaration of Independence
Appendix B. The Constitution of the United States
Appendix C. Federalist Papers No. 10 and No. 51
Show more

Part I. The American System

1. The Democratic Republic
Preview this section ↗
Politics and Government ↗
Why Is Government Necessary? ↗
Limiting Government Power ↗
Authority and Legitimacy ↗
1-1. Critical Analysis Questions ↗
Democracy and Other Forms of Government ↗
Types of Government ↗
Direct Democracy as a Model ↗
The Dangers of Direct Democracy ↗
A Democratic Republic ↗
1-2. Critical Analysis Questions ↗
What Kind of Democracy Does America Have? ↗
Democracy for Everyone ↗
Democracy for the Few ↗
Democracy for Groups ↗
Groups in Charge ↗
1-3. Critical Analysis Questions ↗
Fundamental Values ↗
Liberty Versus Order ↗
Liberty Versus Equality ↗
The Proper Role and Size of Government ↗
1-4. Critical Analysis Questions ↗
Political Ideologies ↗
Conservatism ↗
Liberalism ↗
The Traditional Political Spectrum ↗
Problems With the Traditional Political Spectrum ↗
A Four-Cornered Ideological Grid ↗
1-5. Critical Analysis Questions ↗
Key Terms ↗
Chapter Summary ↗
Test Yourself ↗
Essay Questions ↗
2. Forging a New Government: The Constitution
The Colonial Background
John Locke, the Social Contract and the Colonies
Separatists, the Mayflower, and the Compact
More Colonies, More Government
British Restrictions and Colonial Grievances
The First Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress
2-1. Critical Analysis Questions
An Independent Confederation
The Resolution for Independence
July 4, 1776—The Declaration of Independence
The Rise of Republicanism
The Articles of Confederation: The First American Government
2-2. Critical Analysis Questions
The Constitutional Convention
Factions Among the Delegates
Politicking and Compromises
Working Toward Final Agreement
The Final Document
Fundamental Principles of the U.S. Constitution
2-3. Critical Analysis Questions
The Difficult Road to Ratification
Federalists Push for Ratification
The Bill of Rights
2-4. Critical Analysis Questions
Altering the Constitution
The Formal Amendment Process
Informal Methods of Constitutional Change
2-5. Critical Analysis Questions
Fundamental Principles of the Constitution in Contemporary Practice
Republican Form of Government
Federalism
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
2-6. Critical Analysis Questions
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Essay Questions
3. Federalism
Federalism and Its Alternatives
A Unitary System
A Confederal System
A Federal System
Why Federalism?
3-1. Critical Analysis Questions
The Constitutional Basis for American Federalism
Powers of the National Government
Powers of the State Governments
Prohibited Powers
Concurrent Powers
The Supremacy Clause
States’ Obligations to One Another
3-2. Critical Analysis Questions
The Consequences of Federalism
National Supremacy
States’ Rights
Concurrent Powers
Multiplicity of Governments
3-3. Critical Analysis Questions
The Continuing Dispute Over the Division of Power
Early National-State Balance of Power
The Divide Over Slavery
The Civil War Amendments
Dual Federalism
The New Deal and Cooperative Federalism
The Politics of Federalism
Methods of Implementing Cooperative Federalism
3-4. Critical Analysis Questions
Federalism and Today’s Supreme Court
A Trend Toward States’ Rights
Decisions in the Roberts Court
3-5. Critical Analysis Questions
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Essay Questions
4. Civil Liberties
The Constitutional Bases of Our Liberties
Protections Listed in the Original Constitution
Extending the Bill of Rights to State Governments
Selective Incorporation Under the Fourteenth Amendment
4-1. Critical Analysis Questions
Freedom of Religion
The Separation of Church and State—The Establishment Clause
The Free Exercise Clause
When the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses Clash
4-2. Critical Analysis Questions
Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Expression
No Prior Restraint
The Protection of Symbolic Speech
The Protection of Commercial Speech
Attempts to Ban Subversive or Advocacy Speech
Other Types of Offensive Speech
The Eclipse of Obscenity as a Legal Category
Unprotected Speech: Defamation of Character—Slander and Libel
Student Speech
Freedom of the Press
4-3. Critical Analysis Questions
The Great Balancing Act: The Rights of the Accused Versus the Rights of Society
Rights of the Accused: From Investigation to Sentencing
Limits on the Conduct of Police Officers and Prosecutors
A Defendant’s Pretrial Rights
Trial Rights
Post-Trial Rights
Civil Liberties Versus Security Issues
4-4. Critical Analysis Questions
The Right to Privacy
Privacy Rights and Abortion
Privacy Rights and the “Right to Die”
The Future of Privacy Rights in the Constitution
4-5. Critical Analysis Questions
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Essay Questions
5. Civil Rights
Equality in the American Context
The Meaning of Equality
Equality at Whose Expense?
Balancing Liberty and Equality
Civil Rights and the Courts
Standards for Judicial Review
The Supreme Court Addresses Affirmative Action
5-1. Critical Analysis Questions
The Black American Experience and the Civil Rights Movement
Civil War Amendments
Civil Rights Legislation During Reconstruction
The Ineffectiveness of the Early Civil Rights Laws
The End of Separate-but-Equal
De Jure and De Facto Segregation
The Civil Rights Movement
Modern Civil Rights Legislation
Successes of Black Political Candidates
The Current State of Racial Civil Rights in the United States
5-2. Critical Analysis Questions
Experiences of Other Underrepresented Groups
Latinos and Immigration
The Experience of Native Americans
5-3. Critical Analysis Questions
Women’s Struggle for Equal Rights
Early Women’s Political Movements
The Modern Women’s Movement
Women in Politics Today
Sex-Based Discrimination in the Workplace
5-4. Critical Analysis Questions
The Rights and Status of LGBTQ+ Americans
Growth in the LGBTQ+ Rights Movement
State and Local Laws Targeting LGBTQ+ Persons
“Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”
Same-Sex Marriage
The Rights of Transgender Individuals
5-5. Critical Analysis Questions
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Test Yourself
Essay Questions

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