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Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity

By John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John R. Townsend, David Treichel

11th Edition © 2024
Discipline:Chemistry
Course:General Chemistry
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Help your students succeed in chemistry with the clear explanations, problem-solving strategies and dynamic study tools of CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL REACTIVITY, Eleventh Edition. This progressive and engaging general chemistry text helps students develop a deeper understanding of fundamental chemistry concepts. The text emphasizes the visual nature of chemistry, illustrating the close interrelationship of the macroscopic, symbolic and particulate levels of chemistry with an art program that brings each of these levels to life in engaging detail. In addition, the text showcases the practical applications of chemistry and presents recent advances to make content both interesting and relevant for today's students. The Eleventh Edition also features online learning activities in OWLv2 that can deliver personalized learning experiences for students.

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About this product

Help your students succeed in chemistry with the clear explanations, problem-solving strategies and dynamic study tools of CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL REACTIVITY, Eleventh Edition. This progressive and engaging general chemistry text helps students develop a deeper understanding of fundamental chemistry concepts. The text emphasizes the visual nature of chemistry, illustrating the close interrelationship of the macroscopic, symbolic and particulate levels of chemistry with an art program that brings each of these levels to life in engaging detail. In addition, the text showcases the practical applications of chemistry and presents recent advances to make content both interesting and relevant for today's students. The Eleventh Edition also features online learning activities in OWLv2 that can deliver personalized learning experiences for students.

The text uses a six-part worked example structure to help students learn how to approach a problem rather than just memorizing problem types and solution approaches. The six parts include 1. Problem statement, 2. "What do you know?," 3. Strategy, 4. Fully worked solution, 5. "Think about your answer" and 6. "Check your understanding" (an additional, similar problem).

The text features extensive molecular representations to help students move beyond simply plugging numbers into an equation and forge a stronger conceptual understanding of what is happening at a molecular level. Chemical equations often include visual depictions, and space-filling molecular art helps connect problem-solving content to relevant fundamental concepts.

Problem-Solving Tips features provide advice and insights to help students understand key aspects of how to solve common or challenging types of chemistry problems.

Numerous questions and problems are included to help students achieve the learning goals of each chapter, and answers to odd-numbered study questions are provided in the text's Answer Appendix.

Table of contents

Chapters

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
About the Cover
Dedication
Part 1. The Basic Tools of Chemistry
Part 2. Atoms and Molecules
Part 3. States of Matter
Part 4. The Control of Chemical Reactions
Part 5. The Chemistry of the Elements
List of Appendices
Appendix A. Using Logarithms and Solving Quadratic Equations
Appendix B. Some Important Physical Concepts
Appendix C. Abbreviations and Useful Conversion Factors
Appendix D. Physical Constants
Appendix E. A Brief Guide to Naming Organic Compounds
Appendix F. Values for the Ionization Energies and Electron Attachment Enthalpies of the Elements
Appendix G. Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures
Appendix H. Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Acids at 25⁢C°
Appendix I. Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Bases at 25⁢C°
Appendix J. Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic Compounds at 25⁢C°
Appendix K. Formation Constants for Some Complex Ions in Aqueous Solution at 25⁢C°
Appendix L. Selected Thermodynamic Values
Appendix M. Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25⁢C°
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Part 1. The Basic Tools of Chemistry

1. Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Preview this section ↗
1.1. Chemistry and Its Methods ↗
Chemistry and Change ↗
Methods of Science ↗
Goals of Science ↗
Dilemmas and Integrity in Science ↗
1.2. Sustainability and Green Chemistry ↗
1.3. Classifying Matter ↗
States of Matter and Kinetic-Molecular Theory ↗
Matter at the Macroscopic and Particulate Levels ↗
Pure Substances ↗
Mixtures: Heterogeneous and Homogeneous ↗
1.4. Elements ↗
1.5. Compounds ↗
1.6. Properties and Changes ↗
Extensive and Intensive Properties ↗
Physical and Chemical Changes ↗
1.7. Energy: Some Basic Principles ↗
Conservation of Energy ↗
Applying Chemical Principles ↗
Think–Pair–Share ↗
Chapter Goals Revisited ↗
Key Equation ↗
Study Questions ↗
1R. Let’s Review: The Tools of Quantitative Chemistry
1R.1. Units of Measurement
Temperature Scales
A Closer Look. The SI Base Units
Length, Volume, and Mass
A Closer Look. Energy and Food
Energy Units
1R.2. Making Measurements: Precision, Accuracy, Experimental Error, and Standard Deviation
Experimental Error
Standard Deviation
1R.3. Mathematics of Chemistry
Exponential or Scientific Notation
Significant Figures
1R.4. Problem Solving by Dimensional Analysis
1R.5. Graphs and Graphing
1R.6. Problem Solving and Chemical Arithmetic
Applying Chemical Principles
Think-Pair-Share
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1. Atomic Structure, Atomic Number, and Atomic Mass
Atomic Structure
Atomic Number
Relative Atomic Mass
Mass Number
Isotopes
2.2. Atomic Weight
Determining Atomic Mass and Isotopic Abundance
Atomic Weight
A Closer Look. Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
Key Experiments. The Nature of the Atom and Its Components
2.3. The Periodic Table
Features of the Periodic Table
A Brief Overview of the Periodic Table and the Chemical Elements
A Closer Look. Mendeleev and the Periodic Table
A Closer Look. Marie Curie (1867–1934)
2.4. Molecules: Formulas, Models, and Names
Formulas
Molecular Models
Naming Molecular Compounds
2.5. Ions
Monatomic Ions
Polyatomic Ions
2.6. Ionic Compounds: Formulas, Names, and Properties
Names of Ionic Compounds
Properties of Ionic Compounds
A Closer Look. Hydrated Ionic Compounds
2.7. Atoms, Molecules, and the Mole
A Closer Look. Amedeo Avogadro and His Number
Atoms and Molar Mass
Molecules, Compounds, and Molar Mass
A Closer Look. The Mole, a Counting Unit
2.8. Chemical Analysis: Determining Compound Formulas
Percent Composition
Empirical and Molecular Formulas from Percent Composition
Determining a Formula from Mass Data
2.9. Instrumental Analysis: Determining Compound Formulas
Determining a Formula by Mass Spectrometry
Molar Mass and Isotopes in Mass Spectrometry
Applying Chemical Principles
Think–Pair–Share
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
3. Chemical Reactions
3.1. Introduction to Chemical Equations
A Closer Look. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794)
3.2. Balancing Chemical Equations
3.3. Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium
3.4. Aqueous Solutions
Ions and Molecules in Aqueous Solutions
Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water
3.5. Precipitation Reactions
Net Ionic Equations
3.6. Acids and Bases
Naming Common Acids
Acids and Bases: The Arrhenius Definition
Acids and Bases: The Brønsted-Lowry Definition
Oxides of Nonmetals and Metals
A Closer Look. Sulfuric Acid
3.7. Acid–Base Reactions
Brønsted-Lowry Acid–Base Reactions
3.8. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions and Electron Transfer
Oxidation Numbers
Recognizing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
A Closer Look. Are Oxidation Numbers Real?
3.9. Classifying Reactions in Aqueous Solution
A Closer Look. Alternative Organizations of Reaction Types
Applying Chemical Principles
Think-Pair-Share
Chapter Goals Revisited
Study Questions
4. Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about Chemical Reactions
4.1. Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry
4.2. Reactions in Which One Reactant Is Present in Limited Supply
A Stoichiometry Calculation with a Limiting Reactant
4.3. Percent Yield
4.4. Chemical Equations and Chemical Analysis
Quantitative Analysis of a Mixture
Determining the Formula of a Compound by Combustion
A Closer Look. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
4.5. Measuring Concentrations of Compounds in Solution
Solution Concentration: Molarity
Preparing Solutions of Known Concentration
A Closer Look. Serial Dilutions
4.6. pH, a Concentration Scale for Acids and Bases
4.7. Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solution—Fundamentals
4.8. Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solution—Titrations
Titration: A Method of Chemical Analysis
Standardizing an Acid or Base
Determining Molar Mass by Titration
Titrations Using Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
4.9. Spectrophotometry
Transmittance, Absorbance, and the Beer–Lambert Law
Spectrophotometric Analysis
Applying Chemical Principles
Think–Pair–Share
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
5. Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy and Chemical Reactions
5.1. Energy: Some Basic Principles
Systems and Surroundings
Directionality and Extent of Transfer of Heat: Thermal Equilibrium
A Closer Look. What Is Heat?
5.2. Specific Heat Capacity: Heating and Cooling
Quantitative Aspects of Energy Transferred as Heat
5.3. Energy and Changes of State
5.4. The First Law of Thermodynamics
A Closer Look. P-V Work
Enthalpy
A Closer Look. Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Non-Expansion Work
State Functions
5.5. Enthalpy Changes for Chemical Reactions
5.6. Calorimetry
Constant-Pressure Calorimetry, Measuring ΔH
Constant-Volume Calorimetry, Measuring ΔU
5.7. Enthalpy Calculations
Hess’s Law
Energy Level Diagrams
Standard Enthalpies of Formation
Enthalpy Change for a Reaction
A Closer Look. Hess’s Law and Equation 5.7
5.8. Product- or Reactant-Favored Reactions and Thermodynamics
Applying Chemical Principles
Think–Pair–Share
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions

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