Front Cover.
Half Title Page.
Advisory Board.
Title Page.
Copyright Page.
Contents.
Preface.
1: Migrants to America, to 1870.
2: Introduction: Migrants to America, to 1870.
3: Africans and African Americans, to 1870.
4: Capture and Involuntary Migration.
5: African Acculturation and Community Formation.
6: Types of Employment.
7: Survival under Slavery—Rural and Urban.
8: Creating Community and Culture.
9: African Americans: Free, Slave, and Quasi-Free.
10: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
11: British and British Americans (English, Scots, Scots Irish, and Welsh), to 1870.
12: After the American Revolution.
13: Resumed Migration.
14: Trends in British Immigration to the United States.
15: Settlement Patterns.
16: Migration Patterns.
17: Civil War.
Bibliography.
18: Canadians and Canadian Americans, to 1870.
19: Background to Emigration.
20: Francophone Canadian Migration.
21: Anglophone Canadian Migration.
22: Other Migrations.
23: Migration Experiences.
24: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
25: Chinese and Chinese Americans, to 1870.
26: The U.S.-China Trade and Early Chinese Immigration to America.
27: The International Context for Large-Scale Chinese Immigration.
28: Chinese Immigration during the California Gold Rush.
29: Racial Hostilities and Community Adaptations.
30: Beyond the Mines: In Pursuit of New Economic Opportunities.
31: Chinese-American Communities in 1870.
Bibliography.
32: Danes and Danish Americans, to 1870.
33: The First Danes to Reach North America.
34: The Earliest Danish Immigrants.
35: Some Religious and Political Reasons for Immigration.
36: Heavier Danish Migration and Patterns of Settlement.
Bibliography.
37: Dutch and Dutch Americans, to 1870.
38: Early Colonization, 1609.
39: Age of Revolutions.
40: New Settlements.
41: Dutch-American Diaspora.
42: Acculturation and Ethnic Persistence.
Bibliography.
43: French and French Americans, to 1870.
44: Colonial Empires.
45: The Wars of Independence, the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic Empire.
46: The First Half of the Nineteenth Century.
47: 1848–1860: Gold Rush and Utopias.
48: The French in the American Civil War.
49: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
50: Germans and German Americans, to 1870.
51: Colonial Period.
52: Era of the American Revolution.
53: Postrevolution Period.
54: Midcentury German Communities.
55: Era of the Civil War.
56: Conclusion: 1870.
Bibliography.
57: Irish Catholics and Irish-Catholic Americans, to 1870.
58: Outlines of Irish Catholic Immigration to 1870.
59: Motives and Migration.
60: Perceptions of the Irish.
61: The Irish Enter American Politics.
62: Irish-Catholic Assimilation.
63: Distribution of Midcentury Irish.
64: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
65: Irish Protestants and Irish-Protestant Americans, to 1870.
66: The Colonial Era: Migration and Settlement.
67: Culture and Community: The Eighteenth Century.
68: From the American Revolution to the Famine.
69: Protestant Irish Influence: Politics and Sectarianism.
70: The Great Famine, to 1870.
71: Protestant Irish Americans in 1870.
Bibliography.
72: Jews and Jewish Americans, to 1870.
73: Sephardic Jewry in the Americas and the Legacy of the Inquisition.
74: Jewish Settlement in the North American Colonies.
75: Jews in the American Revolution and the New Republic.
76: German Jews Become the Majority.
77: Combating Prejudice at Home and Abroad.
78: Making Americanized Jewish Communities.
79: Declining Observance and the Rise of American Reform Judaism.
80: American Jews and the Civil War.
81: Conclusion: Post–Civil War Developments.
Bibliography.
82: Mexicans and Mexican Americans, to 1870.
83: The Spanish Period.
84: The Mexican Period.
85: The Mexican-American War and Its Aftermath.
Bibliography.
86: Norwegians and Norwegian Americans, to 1870.
87: The Background for Early Emigration—Preconditions, 1825–1870.
88: Land-Taking and Americanization.
89: The First Norwegian American Cultural Hearth.
90: Forging the First Norwegian-American Culture.
Bibliography.
91: Poles and Polish Americans, to 1870.
92: The Revolutionary Era.
93: Revolution Spurs Migration.
94: The Beginning of the Economic Migration.
95: The Civil War.
96: The Beginnings of Community Organization.
97: Religious Life.
98: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
99: Spanish and Spanish Americans, to 1870.
100: Immigration, Motives for Immigration, and Composition of Migrant Population, Late Sixteenth Century to 1940.
101: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
102: Swedes and Swedish Americans, to 1870.
103: New Sweden on the Delaware.
104: Migration Patterns.
105: Early Arrivals.
106: Bishop Hill.
107: Swedes in Texas.
108: Rural Destinations.
109: Urban Clusters.
110: Religious Affiliations.
111: Social Clubs.
112: Newspapers.
113: Institutions.
114: Party Affiliation.
115: Swedes in the Civil War.
116: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
117: Swiss and Swiss Americans, to 1870.
118: Military Migrations.
119: Settlement Migrations.
120: In a New Nation.
Bibliography.
121: Immigration From 1870 to 1940.
122: Introduction: Immigration from 1870 to 1940.
123: Second Era, Three Stages of Immigrant Populations, 1870–1940.
124: Arabs and Arab Americans, 1870–1940.
125: Historical Background.
126: Political Conditions, 1870–1940.
127: Migration.
128: Citizenship and Immigration Laws.
129: Women and Family Life.
130: Dearborn/Detroit, Michigan.
131: Religious Life.
132: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
133: Armenians and Armenian Americans, 1870–1940.
134: Migration, Phase 1: The Pioneers, to 1890.
135: Migration, Phase II: Flight, 1890–1899.
136: Migration: First Peak Period, 1899–1917, and Beyond.
137: Occupations and Businesses.
138: Education.
139: Associations, Churches, Armenian Schools—and the Press.
140: Family.
141: Integration and Assimilation.
Bibliography.
142: Asian Indians and Asian-Indian Americans, 1870–1940.
143: Race, Citizenship, and Integration.
144: Land and Labor.
145: Politics, Religion, and Community.
Bibliography.
146: Basques and Basque Americans, 1870–1940.
147: Demographics.
148: Migration Incentives.
149: Settlement.
150: Work.
151: Transnationalism.
152: Basque Community and Culture in the United States.
153: Anti-Immigrant Sentiments and Nativist Laws.
154: The Second Generation.
155: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
156: Bosniaks (Muslims) and Bosniak Americans, 1870–1940.
157: Who Are the Bosniaks?.
158: Quest for Bosnian Identity and Independence.
159: Bosniak Immigration to the United States until 1940.
Bibliography.
160: British (English, Scottish, Scots Irish, Welsh) and British Americans, 1870–1940.
161: Iron and Steel.
162: Mining.
163: Settlement Patterns.
164: The West.
165: Labor Organization.
166: The Twentieth Century.
Bibliography.
167: Canadians (Anglo) and Anglo-Canadian Americans, 1870–1940.
168: Nineteenth-Century Migration Patterns.
169: Who Left and Why?.
170: Social Adjustment in the United States.
Half Title Page.
Title Page.
1: Immigration From 1870 to 1940.
2: Latvians and Latvian Americans, 1870–1940.
Bibliography.
3: Lithuanians and Lithuanian Americans, 1870–1940.
4: Causes of Immigration.
5: Arrival, Distribution, and Occupations.
6: Religious Affiliations and Institutions.
7: Lithuanian Nationalism and Political Involvement in the United States, 1870–1940.
8: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
9: Macedonians and Macedonian Americans, to 1940.
10: Who Are the Macedonians?.
11: Immigration and Settlement Patterns until 1940.
12: Organizations of Macedonian Immigrants to the United States until 1940.
13: The Life of Macedonian Immigrants in the United States before 1940.
14: Women, Marriage, and Family.
15: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
16: Mexicans and Mexican Americans, 1870–1940.
17: 1870–1908.
18: 1908–1929.
19: Transnationalism.
20: Migration and Nativism.
21: Americanization and Segregation.
22: Labor and Community.
23: Second Generation and Beyond.
24: 1930–1940.
25: Repatriation.
26: Struggle and Innovation.
27: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
28: Montenegrins and Montenegrin Americans, 1870–1940.
29: Montenegrin Identity.
30: Patterns of Settlement of Montenegrins until 1940.
31: Montenegrin Immigrant Organizations in the United States.
32: Life in the New Homeland.
33: Contacts with the Old Homeland.
Bibliography.
34: Native Hawai'ians, Pacific Islanders, and Pacific-Islander Americans, to 1940.
35: 1790–1870.
36: 1870–1940.
Bibliography.
37: Norwegians and Norwegian Americans, 1870–1940.
38: The Civil War and the Creation of a Norwegian-American Identity.
39: Four Waves of Mass Migration to 1929.
40: In the Agricultural Midwest and Pacific Northwest: Farms and Small Towns.
41: The Small Towns: Rural Business, Religious Education, and the Press.
42: Politics: Forming Rural Governments and Representing a Largely Rural Region.
43: In the Big Cities.
Bibliography.
44: Poles and Polish Americans, 1870–1940.
45: Family and Community Life.
46: Organizational Life.
47: Religious Schism.
48: Employment.
49: Helping the Old Country.
50: Immigration Restriction.
51: The Interwar Period.
52: The Second Generation.
Bibliography.
53: Portuguese and Portuguese Americans, 1870–1940.
54: Areas of Origin.
55: Characteristics of Portuguese Immigrant Communities in the United States.
56: Regional Divisions.
57: Areas of Settlement and Employment Concentrations.
58: Cultural Maintenance.
59: General Trends.
60: Post–World War I Decline in Portuguese Immigration.
61: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
62: Romanians and Romanian Americans, 1870–1940.
63: Migration Waves and Immigrant Characteristics.
64: Settlement, Organizations, and Institutions in the United States.
65: Cultural and Scientific Contributions to the United States.
66: Sociocultural Adaptation and Integration in U.S. Society.
67: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
68: Russians and Russian Americans, 1870–1940.
69: The First Russian Americans.
70: The First Wave: 1870–1914.
71: Between the Wars.
72: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
73: Serbs and Serbian Americans, 1870–1940.
Bibliography.
74: Slovaks and Slovak Americans, 1870–1940.
75: Regarding Czechs and Slovaks.
76: Beginnings of Slovak Migration.
77: Background, Composition, and Migration Patterns.
78: Occupations and Businesses.
79: Institutional, Religious, and Social Life.
80: Political Participation and Cultural Maintenance.
81: With National Origin Quotas in Place.
Bibliography.
82: Slovenes and Slovene Americans, 1870–1940.
83: Slovenes in the United States before 1870.
84: Slovenes in the United States, 1870–1940.
85: Population Trends.
86: Slovenian Women.
87: Slovenian Communities.
88: Slovene Fraternal Benefit Organizations.
89: Ethnic Parishes.
90: Slovene Ethnic Newspapers and Other Periodicals.
91: Political Life.
Bibliography.
92: Spanish and Spanish Americans, 1870–1940.
93: Principal Areas of Settlement.
94: Conclusion: Integration and Assimilation.
Bibliography.
95: Swedes and Swedish Americans, 1870–1940.
96: Rising Swedish Immigration.
97: Reactions to the Emigration in Sweden.
98: Remigration to Sweden.
99: Changing Settlement and Occupational Patterns.
100: Reception of the Swedes in the United States.
101: Swedish-American Cultural Life.
102: Swedish Americans in Politics.
103: Signs of Change.
104: World War I and After.
Bibliography.
105: Swiss and Swiss Americans, 1870–Post 1945.
106: Numerical Presence of Swiss.
107: The Swiss Presence Since 2000.
108: Motives and Contexts of Swiss Emigration.
109: Of the Swiss Religious Presence.
110: Nurturing Swiss National-Ethnic Identity.
111: National Swiss Organizations.
112: Involvement of Swiss in American Life.
Bibliography.
113: Ukrainians and Ukrainian Americans, 1870–1940.
114: Seeking an Ethno-National Identity (First Wave: 1880s to 1914).
115: The Religious Wars.
116: Prewar Enlightenment Efforts.
117: Maintaining Ethno-National Identity (Second Wave, 1920s to 1940).
118: Political Alignments.
119: Postwar Enlightenment Efforts.
120: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
121: West Indians (English-Speaking) and West-Indian Americans, 1870–1940.
122: Population Movement.
123: Geography/Demography.
124: Skills/Employment.
125: Organizations, Institutions, and Expression.
126: Politics: Radicalism.
127: Politics: Mainstream.
128: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
129: Immigration from 1940 to the Present.
130: Introduction: Immigration from 1940 to the Present.
131: Third Era, Three Stages of Immigrant Populations, 1940–Present, Selected Principal Groups.
132: Government Information about Immigrants after 2000.
133: Recent Surveys and Initial Results from the 2010 Census.
134: Africans and African Americans from East Africa, 1940–Present.
135: Historical Background for the Ethiopian/Eritrean Refugee Problem.
136: The Beginning of the Exodus of Ethiopian Refugees.
137: Revolution in Ethiopia: The Beginning of Migration and a Refugee Exodus.
138: American Intervention: The Ethiopian Refugee Resettlement Program.
139: The Profile of Ethiopians and Eritreans in the United States.
140: Somalis in the United States: A Brief Historical Background.
141: The Sudanese in the United States.
142: The North-South Divide in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
143: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
144: Africans and African Americans from West Africa, 1940–Present.
145: The History and Reasons for Emigration from West Africa.
146: The Characteristics of Immigrants.
147: Immigrant Adjustment.
148: The Impact of African Immigration.
Bibliography.
149: Arabs and Arab Americans, 1940–Present.
150: Arab Migration 1940–1965.
151: Arab Migration, 1965–Present.
152: Family and Gender.
153: Arab Women, 1965–Present.
154: Effects of September 11, 2001, on Arab Americans.
155: Image of Arabs in the Media, 1965–Present.
156: American States with the Highest Arab Populations.
157: Famous Arabs in the United States.
Bibliography.
158: Armenians and Armenian Americans, 1940–Present.
159: Armenian Migrations.
160: Number of Armenians in the United States.
161: Population Distribution.
162: Social Changes.
163: Social Changes in the Armenian Family.
164: The Armenian Church.
165: Armenian Schools.
166: Armenian Studies Program.
167: Community Organizations.
168: Prominent Armenian Americans.
Bibliography.
169: Asian Indians and Asian-Indian Americans, 1940–Present.
170: Migration Flows and Patterns of Settlement: 1965–1980s.
171: Migration Flows and Patterns of Settlement: 1980s–Present.
172: Organizational Life.
173: Transnationalism and Diaspora.
174: Race, Ethnicity, and Religious Identification.
175: The Second Generation.
Half Title Page.
Title Page.
1: Immigration from 1940 to the Present.
2: Hondurans and Honduran Americans, 1940–Present.
3: Motivations for and Waves of Honduran Migration.
4: Honduran Journeys to the United States.
5: Demographics and Settlement Patterns.
6: Legal Status and Socioeconomic Mobility.
7: Incorporation/Transnational Nature of Honduran Migration.
8: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
9: Hungarians and Hungarian Americans, 1940–Present.
10: World War II.
11: The Decade Following World War II.
12: The Clash of the Expatriates.
13: The Revolution of 1956.
14: Post-1956 Era.
Bibliography.
15: Iranians and Iranian Americans, 1940–Present.
16: The Hostage Crisis and Integration of Iranians in the United States.
17: The 2000 U.S. Census and the Demographic Characteristics of Iranians.
18: Iranian Migrant Women.
19: Iranian Family in Exile.
20: Iranian Immigrants and Ethnic Identity.
21: 9/11 and New Waves of Discrimination against Iranians.
22: Post-9/11: Iranian Immigrants and Politics.
Bibliography.
23: Irish Catholics and Irish-Catholic Americans, 1940–Present.
24: Immigration and Settlement.
25: Irish-American Communal Life.
26: Religion.
27: Politics.
28: Irish Nationalism.
29: Culture and Identity.
30: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
31: Irish Protestants and Irish-Protestant Americans, 1940–Present.
32: Origins, Emigration and the Protestant Irish Today.
33: Population Figures and Religious Subgroups: Unexpected Patterns.
34: Census Questions and Answers.
35: Distribution and Characteristics.
36: Final Observations.
Bibliography.
37: Israelis and Israeli Americans, 1940–Present.
38: Migrants' Motives.
39: Demographic Profile: Population Estimates.
40: Socioeconomic Status.
41: Adjustment and Adaptation.
42: Gender and Community.
43: Communal Patterns.
44: Integration and Impact on U.S. Society and Culture: Community Diversity.
45: Involvement in American-Jewish Life.
46: Return Immigration and Transnational Identity.
47: The Second and Later Generations.
48: Future Prospects.
Bibliography.
49: Italians and Italian Americans, 1940–Present.
50: Emigration in Postwar Italy.
51: Postwar Americanization.
52: Conservatism and Anti-Communism.
53: The Mafia Stereotype.
54: The White Ethnic Revival.
55: Italian Americans Today.
Bibliography.
56: Japanese and Japanese Americans, 1940–Present.
57: Generations of Japanese Americans.
58: Status of Japanese Americans in 1940 and the Alien Registration Act.
59: World War II and Japanese Latin Americans.
60: Executive Order 9066 and the Mass Forced Removal of Japanese Americans.
61: War Relocation Authority Camps and Loyalty Questions.
62: Japanese Americans in the Military.
63: Incarceration, the Supreme Court, and the Closing of the Camps.
64: Significance of Wartime Incarceration to Japanese Americans.
65: Postwar War Brides.
66: Postwar Court Cases and Legislation, 1945–1965.
67: Japanese-American Evacuation Claims Act, 1948.
68: Immigration Act of 1990 and Redress Movement.
69: Educational Attainment and the “Model Minority” Myth.
70: Identities and Cultural Retention.
71: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
72: Jews and Jewish Americans, 1940–Present.
73: World War II.
74: The Displaced Persons (DPs).
75: Holocaust Survivors in the United States.
76: Jews from Eastern Europe.
77: Soviet or Russian-Speaking Jews.
78: Israeli, Central Asian, Iranian, Latin American, South African and Syrian Jews.
Bibliography.
79: Koreans and Korean Americans, 1940–Present.
80: Life Experiences during the Intermediate Period.
81: Korean Immigration during the Second Major Period.
82: Socioeconomic Experience of Korean Americans.
83: Two Pillars of Korean Immigrant Life: Middle-Class Dream and Ethnic Church Participation.
84: Korean Immigrants in the Major Metropolitan Areas.
85: Ethnic Church Affiliation and Participation.
86: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
87: Latvians and Latvian Americans, 1940–Present.
88: Arrival and Settlements.
89: “Exiles,” Not “Immigrants”.
90: Churches and Associations.
91: Maintaining a Cultural Identity.
92: Latvian Identity Via Latvia Publications.
93: The Second Generation.
94: Political Consciousness and Homeland Ties.
Bibliography.
95: Lithuanians and Lithuanian Americans, 1940–Present.
96: Historical Events Leading to Immigration.
97: Arrival, Distribution, and Occupations: Postwar Wave.
98: Societal Affiliations and Organizations.
99: Lithuanian National and Political Involvement in the United States.
100: Arrival, Distribution, and Occupations: Post-Soviet Wave.
101: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
102: Macedonians and Macedonian Americans, 1940–Present.
103: Macedonians in the United States during World War II.
104: Macedonian Americans: Population and Geographic Distribution after 1940.
105: Organizations of Macedonian Americans after 1940.
106: Americanization: Sacred and Secular.
107: Integration: Cultural, Sports, and Political Figures.
108: Transnational Ties of American Macedonians after 1945.
Bibliography.
109: Mexicans and Mexican Americans, 1940–Present.
110: The 1940s–1960s.
111: The 1980s.
112: The 1990s.
113: 2000–Present.
Bibliography.
114: Middle Eastern and North African Immigrants and Middle Eastern and North African Americans 1940–Present.
115: Immigration Patterns.
116: Population and Settlement.
117: Social and Economic Adaptation.
118: Ethnic and Religious Identities.
119: Backlash and Discrimination.
120: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
121: Montenegrins and Montenegrin Americans, 1940–Present.
122: Montenegrin Emigration after 1940 and Settlement Patterns.
123: Montenegrin-American Social Life and Organizations after 1940.
124: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
125: Nicaraguans and Nicaraguan Americans, 1940–Present.
126: Population and Settlement Patterns from the 1940s to the Present.
127: Gradual Arrival: 1940 to 1960.
128: Continuing Migration: 1960s to Late 1970s.
129: Contra/Sandinista War: 1980s.
130: Waves of Nicaraguan Immigration during the Contra/Sandinista War.
131: Battles for Legal Residency: 1990s to Present.
132: Characteristics of Hispanics of Nicaraguan Origin.
133: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
134: Norwegians and Norwegian Americans, 1940–Present.
135: World War II and Ethnic Revival.
136: The Postwar Immigration.
137: The Norwegian-American Community.
138: Making a Living.
139: A Celebratory Ethnicity and Organized Ethnic Life.
140: The Lutefisk Meter.
141: Religious Affiliation.
142: Political Participation.
143: Norwegian Americans and Norway.
Bibliography.
144: Pacific Islanders and Pacific-Islander Americans, 1940–Present.
145: Native Hawai'ians.
146: Samoans.
147: Tongans.
148: Guamanians.
149: Other Micronesians.
Bibliography.
150: Pakistanis and Pakistani Americans, 1940–Present.
151: The Religious, Ethnic, Cultural, and Historical Context of Pakistan.
152: Independence, Violence and Conflicts between Pakistan and India.
153: Pakistani Americans' Immigration History.
154: Pakistani Americans' Demographic, Social and Economic Profile.
155: Integration and Assimilation: Creating Community and an American Identity.
156: Maintaining Connection: Financial, Social, Cultural and Generational.
157: Pakistani American: Older Generation versus Younger Generation.
158: Maintaining Ethno-Cultural and Religious Connections in the United States.
159: Assimilation, Racial Profiling, and Discrimination.
160: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
161: Poles and Polish Americans, 1940–Present.
162: Post-1940 Immigration.
163: Political Life.
164: Educational Life.
165: Economic Life.
166: Religious Life.
167: Social and Cultural Life.
168: Community Life and Ethnic Identity.
Bibliography.
169: Portuguese and Portuguese Americans, 1940–Present.
170: Immigration and Settlement Patterns.
171: Azorean Refugee Act.
172: Immigrant Characteristics: Employment and Education.
173: Citizenship and Political Involvement.
174: Transnational Connections.
175: Ethnic Revitalization.
176: Festivals.
177: Portuguese Institutions.
Half Title Page.
Title Page.
1: Issues in U.S. Immigration.
2: Introduction: Issues in U.S. Immigration.
3: Departure from Homelands.
4: Categories of Admission and Deportation.
5: Conditions upon Arrival.
6: International Events and Upheavals.
7: Enclaves of Newcomers.
8: The Impact of Accommodation on Domestic Conditions.
9: 7. The Impact of Accommodation on Livelihoods.
10: 8. Settlements in Various Environments.
11: 9. Religion as a Provider of Key Community Institutions.
12: 10. Encounters on Many Levels: Involving Cultural and Economic Clashes.
13: 11. Impact of Immigration on American Culture and Society.
14: Assimilation of Immigrants Is Rare.
15: Immigrants and Native American Populations.
16: Early Challenges.
17: New Netherlands.
18: Pilgrims.
19: Puritan New England.
20: Virginia.
21: French.
22: Later Colonial Actions.
23: Mormons.
24: Miners.
25: Overland Trail Encounters.
26: Contact and Conflict.
27: Building the Transcontinental Railroads.
28: Immigrant Soldiers and Indians.
29: Individual Experiences.
30: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
31: Indigenous Peoples and Borderlands.
32: Indigenous Peoples' Political Uniqueness.
33: U.S.–Mexican Border.
34: U.S.-Canadian Border.
35: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
36: Borderlands and the American Southwest.
37: Geography.
38: Historical Origins.
39: The Twentieth Century.
40: Borderlanders: The People and Their Culture.
41: Borderlands Problems.
42: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
43: Immigrant Ports of Entry.
44: New York.
45: Baltimore.
46: Boston.
47: Philadelphia.
48: New Orleans.
49: Miami.
50: San Francisco.
51: Honolulu.
52: Los Angeles.
53: Other Ports.
54: Borders.
Bibliography.
55: U.S. Immigration Laws and Policies, 1870–1980.
56: Federal Regulation of Immigration.
57: Exclusion and Restrictions: The Chinese Exclusion Act.
58: Nativism and the “New Immigrants”.
59: Exclusion and Removal.
60: Closing the Golden Door: The Dillingham Commission and the Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924, and 1929.
61: The Great Depression and Immigration.
62: Refugees, Resident Enemy Aliens, and World War II.
63: World War II and the Forced Relocation of Japanese Americans.
64: The Postwar Years: Displaced Persons and Labor Policies.
65: The Bracero Program.
66: America Turns Inward: Cold War Fears and Immigration Policies.
67: The Hungarian Revolution and Cold War Immigration Policies.
68: Cold War Exiles: Cubans, Phase One.
69: Immigration Reform, 1965.
70: Cold-War Exiles: Cubans, Phase Two.
71: Southeast Asian Refugees.
72: Post-1965 Immigration Policies: The Refugee Act of 1980..
73: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
74: U.S. Immigration Policies, 1986–2011.
75: The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.
76: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1990.
77: The Immigration Reform Discourse in the Mid-1990s.
78: Proposition 187.
79: The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996.
80: The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996.
81: The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996.
82: Current Debates.
Bibliography.
83: Refugees, Asylees, and Immigrants.
84: Refugees and the United States, 1776–1900.
85: The United States and Refugees, 1900–1933.
86: The United States, World War II, and Refugees.
87: The Early Cold War.
88: Cuba and Haiti.
89: Refugees and Human Rights in the 1970s.
90: A New Refugee Law and the Problem of Asylum.
91: The End of Cold War and Beyond.
92: Refugee Admissions in the Age of the “War on Terror”.
93: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
94: Unauthorized Immigration to the United States.
95: Definitional Issues.
96: Legal Framework.
97: The Early Era.
98: Bracero Program (1942–1964).
99: Immigration and Nationality Acts of 1952 and 1965.
100: Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986).
101: North American Free Trade Agreement (1994).
102: Border Militarization.
103: The Clinton Era.
104: The Post-9/11 Era.
105: Demographic and Socioeconomic Profile of the Undocumented Population.
106: Contemporary Flows.
107: The Rights of Undocumented Workers.
108: State and Local Enforcement of Immigration.
109: Fiscal Effects and Public Debate.
Bibliography.
110: Nativism and Immigrants, Past and Present.
111: Nineteenth-Century Nativist Precedents.
112: World War I and Nativist Responses.
113: Asians, Catholics and Emerging Nativism.
114: Europeans Versus Europeans: Escalating Nativism.
115: Principal Nativist Legislation, 1921–1929.
116: 1930s: Latinos, Jews, and Nativist Resistance.
117: Post–World War II: Measures Challenging Nativism.
118: 1960s–1990s: The Challenge Endures, Part I.
119: 2000s: The Challenge Endures, Part II.
120: Ongoing Issues and Policy Debates.
Bibliography.
121: Immigration and Incorporation of New Americans: Citizenship Prior to 1980.
122: Conceptual and Historical Foundations.
123: Further Conceptual and Policy Foundations: The Nineteenth Century.
124: The Twentieth Century: Citizenship and Americanization.
125: The Military as an Americanizer.
126: The Government as Americanizer.
127: States as Americanizers.
128: Schools as Americanizers.
129: Private Voluntary Organizations as Americanizers.
130: The Media as Americanizers.
131: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
132: Immigration and Incorporation of New Americans: Citizenship Post 1980.
133: Legal Immigration, the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, and the Immigration Act of 1990.
134: The 1996 Welfare Reform Act and Immigrants.
135: Immigration Reform and Deportation-Driven Deterrence.
136: Immigration and the Transition to Citizen.
137: Recent Patterns in Naturalizing.
138: Toward Immigration Reforms in the Twenty-First Century.
Bibliography.
139: Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity.
140: What Is an Ethnic Group?.
141: The Variability of Ethnicity.
142: Additional Distinctions: Racial and Minority Groups.
143: Varieties of Ethnic Groups and Group Relationships.
144: Immigration.
145: Conquest or Coercion.
146: Goals and Relationships with the Larger Society.
147: Assimilation (Acculturation and Integration).
148: Pluralism.
149: American Ethnic Groups: Case Studies—The Dominant Group and the American Creed.
150: Conquered and Coerced Groups: African Americans and Mexican Americans.
151: Ethnic Groups Formed by Immigration: The First Wave (1820s–1920s).
152: Ethnic Groups Formed by Immigration: The Second Wave (1965–Present).
153: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
154: Integration and Assimilation: The Core Concept and Three Contemporary Developments.
155: The Canonical Formulation.
156: Assimilation Abandoned?.
157: Rethinking the Theoretical Legacy.
158: New Directions I: Segmented or Downward Assimilation.
159: New Directions II: Boundaries and the Mainstream.
160: The Transnational Perspective.
161: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
162: Immigrant and Ethnic Experiences in Urban and Metropolitan America.
163: The Commercial City and the Immigrant (c. 1625 to 1865).
164: Occupations and Urban Self-Employment.
165: Churches, Schools, and Politics.
166: Immigrant Cities in the Industrial Age (c. 1865 to 1945).
167: The Postindustrial Metropolitan Mosaic (c. 1945 to Present).
168: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
169: Immigration and Settlement Patterns.
170: Contemporary Theories on Immigrant Residential Attainment.
171: Regional, State, and Metropolitan Trends in Immigrant Settlement.
172: Immigrant Settlement in American Neighborhoods: Assimilation or Stratification?.
173: Immigrant Residential Attainment in the Contemporary Period.
174: Conclusion.
Bibliography.
175: Urbanization and Immigrants in America.
176: Colonial and Postcolonial Urban Centers.
177: Civil War Era.
178: Post Civil War to 1920.
179: Urban Machines: Political and Labor.
180: Urban West, Urban South.
181: World War II and the Postwar Era: Reforms and Refugees.
182: Twenty-First Century.
183: Conclusion.
