Front Cover.
Half Title Page.
Title Page.
Copyright Page.
Contents.
Preface.
Introduction.
Timeline.
1: Abandoned Arctic Islands.
2: Adélie Penguin.
3: Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP).
4: Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) (1971).
5: Aleuts/Unangax.
6: Alexander I Island.
7: Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI).
8: Amundsen, Roald Engebrecht Gravning (1872–1928).
9: Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station.
10: Amundsen Sea.
11: Antarctic Circle.
12: Antarctic Cruise Industry.
13: Antarctic Fur Seals.
14: Antarctic Ice Sheet.
15: Antarctic Peninsula.
16: Antarctic Programs and Research Stations/Bases.
17: Antarctic Territorial Claims.
18: Antarctic Treaty System (ATS).
19: Arctic, Definitions of.
20: Arctic Air Pollution.
21: Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI).
22: Arctic Basin.
23: Arctic Botany.
24: Arctic Camel.
25: Arctic Circle.
26: Arctic Council.
27: Arctic Fox.
28: Arctic Ground Squirrel.
29: Arctic Hare.
30: Arctic Haze.
31: Arctic Loon.
32: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).
33: Arctic Observatories.
34: Arctic Ocean.
35: Arctic Redpoll.
36: Arctic Salmon.
37: Arctic Seabirds.
38: Arctic Shipping.
39: Arctic Shrub Range Expansion.
40: Arctic Skua.
41: Arctic Tern.
42: Arctic Territorial Claims and Disputes.
43: Arctic Wolf.
44: Arctic Woolly Bear Caterpillar/Moth.
45: Arktisk Station.
46: Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS).
47: Atomic Detonations and Weapons in the Arctic.
48: Aurora Australis.
49: Aurora Borealis.
50: Auroral Substorm.
51: Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911–1914).
52: Baffin Bay.
53: Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC).
54: Barents Sea.
55: Bartlett, Robert “Bob” Abram (1875–1946).
56: Bearded Seal.
57: Bear Island (Bjørnøya).
58: Beaufort Sea.
59: Beaufort Sea Dispute.
60: Belgrano II Antarctic Station.
61: Bellingshausen Sea.
62: Beluga Whale.
63: Benthic Community.
64: Bering, Vitus Jonassen (1681–1741).
65: Bharati Research Station.
66: Blood Falls, Antarctica.
67: Bowhead Whale.
68: Bransfield, Edward (1785–1852).
69: British Antarctic Expedition (1910–1913).
70: British Arctic Expedition (1875–1876).
71: Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
72: Canadian Arctic Expedition (1913–1918).
73: Caribou.
74: Cartography of the Arctic.
75: Chamisso Wilderness.
76: Chinstrap Penguin.
77: Chukchi.
78: Chukchi Sea.
79: Climate, Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) Project.
80: Climate Change and Invasive Species in the Arctic.
81: Climate Change and Permafrost.
82: Climate Change in the Arctic.
83: Coastal Erosion.
84: Colville River.
85: Common Raven.
86: Continental Shelf Claims in the Arctic.
87: Cook, James (1728–1779).
88: Cook, James, Voyages of.
89: Crabeater Seal.
90: Cryoconite Holes.
91: Cryoprotectorants.
92: Deception Island.
93: Dinosaurs of Antarctica.
94: Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory, the Netherlands.
95: Discovery Expedition (1901–1904).
96: Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line.
97: Dogs in the Arctic.
98: Dolgans.
99: Drifting Research Stations in the Arctic Ocean.
100: East Antarctica.
101: East Siberian Sea.
102: Economic Growth in the Changing Arctic.
103: Ellesmere Island Ice Shelves.
104: Emperor Penguin.
105: Enets.
106: Environmental Concerns, Arctic Mining Operations.
107: Eskimo Coast Disaster of 1885.
108: Eskimo/Inuit Communal Houses.
109: Eskimos.
110: Evenks.
111: Evens.
112: Eyak.
113: Farthest North.
114: Farthest South.
115: First German North Polar Expedition (1868).
116: Foxe Basin.
117: Franklin Search Expeditions.
118: Franz Josef Land.
119: Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve.
120: Gauss Expedition (1901–1903).
121: Gentoo Penguin.
122: Geomagnetic Poles.
123: Georg von Neumayer Station, Neumayer Station, Neumayer III Station.
124: Geospace.
125: German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939).
126: Gerritsz, Dirck (a.k.a. Dirck Gerritszoon Pompor) (1544–1608).
127: Grasshopper Effect.
128: Gray’s Beaked Whale.
129: Gray Whale.
130: Great Auk.
131: Greenland.
132: Greenland, U.S. Bases in.
133: Greenland Ice Sheet.
134: Greenland Sea.
135: Greenland Shark.
136: Grytviken.
137: Gwich’in.
138: Gyrfalcon.
139: Hans Island Dispute.
140: Harp Seal.
141: Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration (ca. 1890s–1920s).
142: Herschel Island.
143: Hooded Seal.
144: Human Impacts and the Antarctic Wilderness.
145: Humpback Whale.
146: Iceberg Monitoring and Classification.
147: Ice Cap.
148: Ice Core Climatic Data Proxies.
149: Ice Core Collection and Preservation Issues.
150: Ice Curtain.
151: Ice Domes: Argus, Charlie, and Fuji (Valkyrie).
152: Ice Sheet.
153: Ice Shelf.
154: Ice Shelves of Antarctica.
155: Ice Worms.
156: Ilulissat Icefjord.
157: Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1914–1917).
158: Indigirka and Kolyma Rivers.
159: International Geophysical Year (IGY).
160: International Polar Years (IPYs).
161: Inuit.
162: Inuit and Yup’ik Concepts of “Ihuma” and “Qanruyutet”.
163: Inuit Arctic Relocation.
164: Inuit Concepts of “Naklik” and “Ilira”.
165: Inuit Contribution to Polar Exploration.
166: Inuit Language.
167: Inuit Lawsuits over Climate Change.
168: Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit.
169: Inuit Worldviews and Religious Beliefs.
170: Ionosphere, Polar.
Half Title Page.
Title Page.
Copyright Page.
1: Japanese Antarctic Expedition (1910–1912).
2: Karakat.
3: Kara Sea.
4: Ket.
5: Khanty.
6: Khatanga, Lena, and Yana Rivers.
7: King Penguin.
8: King Sejong Antarctic Station.
9: Klënova, Mariya Vasilevna (1898–1976).
10: Koryak.
11: Kosterkin, Tubyaku (1921–1989).
12: Kotzebue, Otto von (1787–1846).
13: Lake Vostok.
14: Lambert Glacier.
15: Lapland Longspur.
16: Laponian Area.
17: Laptev Sea.
18: Lazarev, Mikhail Petrovich (1788–1851).
19: Lemmings.
20: Lena Massacre of 1912.
21: Leopard Seal.
22: Lincoln Sea Dispute.
23: Little Auk.
24: Lomonosov Ridge Claims.
25: Long-Finned Pilot Whale.
26: Lost Patrol.
27: Macaroni Penguin.
28: Mackenzie River.
29: Malitsa.
30: Mansi.
31: McMurdo Dry Valleys of East Antarctica.
32: McMurdo Dry Valleys of East Antarctica, Biology of.
33: Mesozoic Marine Reptiles of Antarctica.
34: Meteorites in Antarctica.
35: Microbial Survival.
36: Migration Waves of the Eskimo-Aleut.
37: Musk Oxen.
38: Narwhal.
39: Narwhal Tooth.
40: National Petroleum Reserve—Alaska (NPR-A).
41: Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve.
42: Nenets.
43: New Siberian Islands.
44: Nganasan.
45: Nimrod Expedition (1907–1909).
46: Nordenskjold, Adolf Erik (1832–1901).
47: Northeast Greenland National Park.
48: Northeast Passage.
49: Northern Bottlenose Whale.
50: North Pole.
51: Northwest Passage.
52: Northwest Passage Claims and Disputes.
53: Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI).
54: Novaya Zemlya, Nuclear Tests.
55: Novaya Zemlya, Nuclear Tests, Environmental Legacy of.
56: Nuclear Power in the Arctic.
57: Nuclear Waste in the Arctic.
58: Nuuk (Godthaab).
59: Nuuk Ecological Research Operations (NERO).
60: Ob, Pechora, and Yenisey Rivers.
61: Operation Chrome Dome.
62: Operation Deep Freeze.
63: Operation Highjump.
64: Operation Nanook.
65: Operation Tabarin.
66: Operation Windmill.
67: Orca.
68: Pacific Sleeper Shark.
69: Paleoecology of Antarctica.
70: Paulet Island.
71: Peary, Robert Edwin (1856–1920).
72: Permafrost.
73: Pink Snow.
74: Pliocene Arctic Fossils.
75: Polar Bear.
76: Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC).
77: Polar Research Vessel Grönland.
78: Poles of Inaccessibility.
79: Project Iceworm.
80: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.
81: Putorana Plateau.
82: Pykrete.
83: Radioactive Iodine (I-131) Human Experiments in Alaska.
84: Radioactivity.
85: Radioactivity in the Arctic.
86: Rasmussen, Knud (1879–1933).
87: Red-Throated Loon.
88: Reindeer Herding.
89: Ribbon Seal.
90: Ringed Seal.
91: Rock Art of Alta.
92: Rocket Ranges in the Arctic.
93: Rockhopper Penguin.
94: Rock Ptarmigan.
95: Ross, Sir James Clark (1800–1862).
96: Ross Island.
97: Ross Island, Historic Huts of.
98: Ross Sea.
99: Ross Seal.
100: Ross Sea Party (1914–1917).
101: Russian Antarctic Expedition (1819–1821).
102: Salmon Shark.
103: Sami.
104: SANAE IV (South African National Antarctic Expedition).
105: Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902–1904).
106: Sea Ice.
107: Sealing and Antarctic Exploration.
108: Second German Antarctic Expedition (1911–1912).
109: Sector Principle in the Arctic.
110: Selkup.
111: Sermilik Station.
112: Shackleton, Ernest (1874–1922).
113: Shackleton–Rowett Expedition (1921–1922).
114: Siberian Yup’ik.
115: Smeerenburg.
116: Snow Bunting.
117: Snow Goose.
118: Snow Hill Island.
119: Snowy Owl.
120: Sooty Albatross.
121: Southern Bottlenose Whale.
122: Southern Elephant Seal.
123: Southern Right Whale.
124: South Pole.
125: South Sandwich Islands.
126: Space Weather.
127: Sperm Whale.
128: Spotted Seal.
129: Subglacial Lake.
130: Sunken Soviet/Russian Nuclear Submarines in Arctic.
131: Svalbard Archipelago.
132: Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1901–1903).
133: Swedish Polar Research Secretariat.
134: Terra Australis Incognita.
135: Three-Pole Concept.
136: Thule Air Base, Greenland, B52G Stratofortress Crash of 1968.
137: Thule Culture.
138: Toolik Field Station (TFS).
139: Transantarctic Mountains.
140: Troll Station.
141: Tuktut Nogait National Park.
142: Tundra.
143: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
144: University of the Arctic (UARCTIC).
145: Unsupported Expeditions.
146: Victoria Island.
147: Vinson Massif.
148: Volcanoes in Antarctica.
149: Vostok Station.
150: Vuntut National Park of Canada.
151: Walrus.
152: Wandering Albatross.
153: Weddell #1 Antarctic Drifting Station.
154: Weddell Sea.
155: Weddell Seal.
156: West Antarctica.
157: Whaling and Antarctic Exploration.
158: Whaling and Arctic Exploration.
159: Whaling Fleet Disaster of 1871.
160: Wolverine.
161: Woolly Mammoths.
162: Woolly Mammoths, Baby.
163: Yukaghir.
164: Yukaghir Mammoth.
165: Yukon River.
166: Zackenberg Research Station.
167: Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) Station.
Appendix 1: Glaciers Around the World.
Appendix 2: Select Listing of Arctic Polar Expeditions.
Appendix 3: Select Listing of Antarctic Polar Expeditions.
Appendix 4: Northwest Passage Expeditions.
Select Bibliography.
Editor and Contributors.
Index.