Front Cover.
Half Title Page.
Title Page.
Copyright Page.
Credits.
Other Frontmatter.
Contents.
Acknowledgments.
Introduction.
Maps.
Other Frontmatter.
The Northeast: An Overview.
Overview of the Northeast Culture Area.
1: The Region Defined.
2: Northeastern Peoples Before Columbus.
3: Peoples and Cultures of the Northeast: An Overview.
The Northeast During the Period of European Exploration and Colonization.
4: Initial Contact, Exploration, and Trade.
The Expanding Frontier.
5: Behind the Frontier.
The Northeast: 1850 to the Present.
6: Guardians, Overseers, and Indian Agents.
7: Labor Specializations in the Northeast.
8: Consolidation of the Upper Great Lakes Cultural Pattern.
9: Enfranchisement and Termination.
10: Boarding Schools.
11: Pan-Indianism.
12: Urban Indians.
13: Political Activism and Radical Politics, 1950 to the Present.
14: Land Claims and Federal Recognition.
15: Gaming.
16: Language and Cultural Revival.
17: Conclusions: The Northeast Culture Area Today.
References for Part I.
People, Places, and Events in Northeast Native History.
18: Abenaki, Eastern ("People of the Dawnland" or "Easterners").
19: Abenaki, Western.
20: Akwesasne.
21: American Fur Company.
22: American Indian Defense Association (AIDA).
23: American Indian Freedom of Religion Act (1978).
24: American Indian Movement (AIM).
25: Apess, William (1798–1839).
26: Arnold, Benedict (1741–1801).
27: Atwater, Caleb (b. 1778).
28: Aubery, Joseph (1673–1755).
29: Aupaumut, Hendrick (d. 1830).
30: Bacon, Nathaniel (1646–76).
31: Bacon's Rebellion (1675–76).
32: Bashebes (fl. 1605).
33: Bender, Chief (1883–1954).
34: Berkeley, Sir William (1606–77).
35: Biard, Pierre (1676–1722).
36: Big House Ceremony.
37: Big Tree, Treaty of (1797).
38: Black Hawk (Makataimeshekiakiak, "Black Sparrow Hawk") (1767–1838).
39: Brainerd, David (1718–47).
40: Brant, Joseph (Thayendanegea, "He Places Together Two Bets") (1742?–1807).
41: Brant, Molly (Degonwadanti) (1736–96).
42: Brothertown Indians.
43: Brûlé, Étienne (d. 1633).
44: Bureau of Indian Affairs.
45: Cabot, John (Giovanni Caboto) (c. 1450–98).
46: Carlisle Indian Industrial School.
47: Cartier, Jacques (1491–1557).
48: Cassasinamon, Robin (d. 1692).
49: Caugnawaga.
50: Cayuga ("Those of the Great Pipe").
51: Champlain, Samuel de (1567–1635).
52: Chickahominy ("Crushed-Corn People").
53: Cloud, Henry Roe (Wa-Na-Xi-Lay) (1884–1950).
54: Code of Handsome Lake.
55: Cody, William F. (Buffalo Bill) (1846–1917).
56: Collier, John (1884–1968).
57: Commuck, Thomas (d. 1856?).
58: Condolence Ceremony.
59: Cornplanter (Kaiiontwa'ko, "By What One Plants") (c. 1735–1836).
60: Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) (1887).
61: Deganawida ("Two River Currents Flowing Together") (fl. 1560–70).
62: Delaware (Lenni Lenape, "Real People").
63: Edwards, Jonathan (1703–58).
64: Eliot, John (1604–90).
65: Erie.
66: False Face Society.
67: Feast of the Dead.
68: Fort Stanwix, Treaties of (1768, 1784).
69: Gallatin, Albert (1761–1849).
70: General, Alexander (Shao-Hyowa, "Great Sky") (1889–1965).
71: Godfroy, Francis (Palonswa) (1788–1840).
72: Green Corn Ceremonial.
73: Greenville, Treaty of (1795).
74: Hampton Institute.
75: Handsome Lake (Sganyadai'yo) (c. 1735–1815).
76: Hendrick (Tiyanoga) (c. 1680–1755).
77: Hewitt, J. N. B. (1859–1937).
78: Hiawatha (Heowenta, "He Makes Rivers") (fl. 1560–70).
79: Hochelaga (c. 1534).
80: Hole in the Day (Bugonageshig) (1828–68).
81: Hudson, Henry (fl. 1607–11).
82: Huron (Wendot, "Island People" or "Peninsula Dwellers").
83: Illinois ("The People").
84: Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act) (1934).
85: Indian Rights Association (IRA).
86: Jemison, Mary (Dehgewanus, "Two Falling Voices") (c. 1742–1833).
87: Johnson, Pauline (Tekahionwake) (1861–1913).
88: Johnson, Sir William (1715–74).
89: Kellogg, Minnie (1880–1949).
90: Kenekuk ("Putting His Foot Down") (c. 1790–1852).
91: Keokuk ("Watchful Fox") (1783–1848).
92: Kickapoo ("He Who Moves About, Standing Now Here, Now There").
93: King Philip's War (1675–76).
94: Kirkland, Samuel (1741–1808).
95: Little Turtle (Mishikinakwa) (c. 1747–1812).
96: Longhouse Religion.
97: Mahican ("The Place Where the Waters Are Never Still").
98: Maliseet (Wula'stegwi'ak, "Good River People").
99: Mashpee.
100: Massachusett ("At the Range of the Hills").
101: Massasoit (c. 1580–1661).
102: Matinnecock.
103: Mattaponi.
104: Menominee ("Wild Rice Gatherers").
105: Mesquakie/Fox ("Red-Earth People").
106: Metacom (or Metacomet; King Philip) (c. 1639–76).
107: Miami ("Peninsula People").
108: Miantonomi (c. 1600–43).
109: Micmac.
110: Midewiwin (Grand Medicine).
111: Mingo.
112: Mohawk (Haudenosaunee, "People of the Longhouse").
113: Mohegan.
114: Monacan ("Sword" or "Digging Instrument").
115: Morgan, Lewis Henry (Tayadawahkugh, "One Lying Across") (1818–81).
116: Morse, Jedidiah (1761–1826).
117: Nansemond ("One Who Goes to Fish").
118: Nanticoke ("Tidewater People").
119: Narragansett.
120: Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) (1990).
121: Neolin ("Four") (1760–66).
122: New England Company.
123: Ninegret (c. 1600–1650s).
124: Occom, Samson (1723–92).
125: Ojibwa (Anishinabeg, "Original People" or "First People").
126: Oneida ("People of the Stone Set Up").
127: Onondaga ("People of the Hills").
128: Opechancanough (c. 1550–1646).
129: Ottawa.
130: Pamunkey.
131: Parker, Arthur C. (1881–1955).
132: Parker, Ely S. (Do-ne-ho-ga-wa, "Open Door") (1828–95).
133: Passamaquoddy ("Pollock-Spearing Place" or "Those of the Place Where the Pollock Are Plentiful").
134: Penobscot ("Many Stones" or "The Rocky Place").
135: Pequot.
136: Pequot War (1636–37).
137: Pocahontas (Matoaka) (c. 1596–1617).
138: Pontiac (Obwondiyag) (c. 1720–69).
139: Pontiac's Rebellion.
140: Poosepatuck (Unkechaug).
141: Potawatomi (Neshnabek, "True People" or "Original People").
142: Powhatan (Wahunsunacock) (d. 1618).
143: Powhatan Confederacy.
144: Prairie du Chien, Treaty of (1825).
145: Praying Towns.
146: Quinney, John W. (1797–1855).
147: Rale, Pere Sebastien (1652–1724).
148: Rappahannock ("River Where the Tide Rises and Falls").
149: Red Bird (c. 1790–1827).
150: Red Jacket (Segoyewatha, "Always Ready") (c. 1750–1830).
151: Richardville, Jean Baptiste (Peshewa) (1761–1841).
152: Roanoke (1585–90).
153: Sagard-Theodat, Gabriel (fl. Early 17th Century).
154: Saponi ("Red-Earth People").
155: Sauk (Osakiwung, "People of the Outlet" or "People of the Yellow Earth").
156: Seneca (O-non-dowa-gah, "People of the Great Hill").
157: Shawnee (Sawanwa, "People of the South").
158: Shinnecock.
159: Smith, John (1579–1631).
160: Speck, Frank G. (1881–1950).
161: Squanto (Tisquantum) (c. 1590–1622).
162: Stockbridge-Munsee.
163: Susquehannock ("People at the Falls" or "Muddy Water People").
164: Tecumseh ("Panther Crossing the Sky") (c. 1768–1813).
165: Teedyuscung (1700–63).
166: Tekakwitha, Kateri ("She Who Pushes All Before Her") (1656–80).
167: Tenskwatawa ("The Open Door") (c. 1772–1836).
168: Thorpe, Jim (1887–1953).
169: Tidewater Wars (1622, 1644).
170: Tippecanoe, Battle of (1811).
171: Tuscarora.
172: Verrazano, Giovanni da (c. 1485–1528).
173: Wabokieshiek ("White Cloud") (fl. 1800–33).
174: Walking Purchase (1737).
175: Wampanoag (Wapanacki, "Easterner" or "Dawnlander").
176: Williams, Roger (c. 1603–83).
177: Winnebago.
178: Zeisberger, David (1721–1808).
Historical Timeline for the Northeast.
Resource Guide to Research and Theory.
Introduction.
Indian Tribes.