Front Cover.
Half Title Page.
Title Page.
Copyright Page.
Contents.
Introduction.
1: The Biological Sciences.
2: The Origin of Life.
3: The Death of Spontaneous Generation.
4: The Origin of Primordial Life.
5: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
6: Cell Theory.
7: The Problem of the Origin of Cells.
8: The Protoplasm Concept.
9: The Contribution of Other Sciences.
10: Marcello Malpighi.
11: Germ Theory.
12: Discoveries in Clinical Medicine and Anesthesia.
13: Advances at the End of the Century.
14: Louis Pasteur.
15: Genetics.
16: Ancient Theories of Pangenesis and Blood in Heredity.
17: Preformation and Natural Selection.
18: The Work of Mendel.
19: How the Gene Idea Became Reality.
20: The Discovery of Linked Genes.
21: Early Molecular Genetics.
22: DNA and the Genetic Code.
23: Recombinant DNA Technology and the Polymerase Chain Reaction.
24: Gregor Mendel.
25: Evolution.
26: The Work of Charles Darwin.
27: The Darwinian Aftermath.
28: The Synthetic Theory.
29: Molecular Biology and Earth Sciences.
30: Charles Darwin.
31: Ecology.
32: Charles Elton.
33: Mathematics and the Physical Sciences.
34: Arabic Numerals.
35: Al-Khwārizmī.
36: The Calculus.
37: The Precalculus Period.
38: Newton and Leibniz.
39: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
40: The Atomic Theory.
41: John Dalton.
42: The Roots of Astronomy.
43: The Scientific Revolution.
44: A Preponderance of Theories.
45: Nicolaus Copernicus.
46: Gravitational Theory.
47: Sir Isaac Newton.
48: Special Relativity.
49: Light and the Ether.
50: Einstein's Gedankenexperiments.
51: Starting Points and Postulates.
52: Relativistic Space and Time.
53: Cosmic Speed Limit.
54: E = mc2.
55: Albert Einstein.
56: General Relativity.
57: Principle of Equivalence.
58: Curved Space-Time and Geometric Gravitation.
59: Quantum Mechanics.
60: Planck's Radiation Law.
61: Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect.
62: Bohr's Theory of the Atom.
63: Scattering of X-rays.
64: Broglie's Wave Hypothesis.
65: String Theory.
66: The Expanding Universe: The Big Bang Theory.
67: The Evolution of Stars and the Formation of Chemical Elements.
68: Solar-System Astronomy.
69: George Gamow.
70: Plate Tectonics.
71: Alfred Wegener and the Concept of Continental Drift.
72: Isostasy.
73: Driving Forces.
74: Evidence Supporting the Hypothesis.
75: Paleomagnetism, Polar Wandering, and Continental Drift.
76: Gestation and Birth of Plate Tectonic Theory.
77: Determination of Plate Thickness.
78: Plate-Driving Mechanisms and the Role of the Mantle.
79: Alfred Wegener.
80: Geologic Time.
81: Knowledge of Landforms and of Land-Sea Relations.
82: Paleontology and Stratigraphy.
83: William Smith and Faunal Succession.
84: Charles Lyell and Uniformitarianism.
85: Louis Agassiz and the Ice Age.
86: Geologic Time and the Age of the Earth.
87: William Smith.
88: The Arts.
89: Perspective.
90: Filippo Brunelleschi.
91: Abstract Art.
92: Maurice Denis.
93: Impressionism.
94: Claude Monet.
95: Expressionism.
96: The Visual Arts.
97: Literature and Drama.
98: Other Arts.
99: Oskar Kokoschka.
100: Cubism.
101: Origins of the Style.
102: The First Phase.
103: The Second Phase: Analytical Cubism.
104: The Third Phase: Synthetic Cubism.
105: Georges Braque.
106: Modernism.
107: Modernism in Literature.
108: Ezra Pound.
109: Modernism in Other Arts and Architecture.
110: Harmony.
111: The Roots of Harmony.
112: Harmony Before the Common Practice Period.
113: Classical Western Harmony.
114: Jean-Philippe Rameau.
115: Montage.
116: Sergey Eisenstein.
117: Theory of Architecture.
118: Distinction between the History and Theory of Architecture.
119: Distinction between the Theory of Architecture and the Theory of Art.
120: Functionalism.
121: The Art of Building.
122: “Commodity, Firmness, and Delight”: The Ultimate Synthesis.
123: Vitruvius.
124: Green Architecture.
125: The Rise of Eco-Awareness.
126: Green Design Takes Root.
127: The Principles of Building Green.
128: The Challenges to Architecture.
129: Renzo Piano and the California Academy of Sciences.
130: Urban Planning.
131: The Development of Urban Planning.
132: Urban Form.
133: The Scope of Planning.
134: Jane Jacobs.
135: The Social Sciences, Philosophy, and Religion.
136: Mass Production.
137: The Industrial Revolution and Early Developments.
138: Pioneers of Mass Production Methods.
139: Manufacturing Pioneers.
140: The Assembly Line.
141: Theories of Child Development.
142: Psychoanalytic Theories.
143: Piaget's Theory.
144: Learning Theory.
145: Jean Piaget.
146: Psychoanalytic Theory.
147: Screen Memories.
148: The Interpretation of Dreams.
149: Further Theoretical Development.
150: Sigmund Freud.
151: Human Rights.
152: Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
153: Conscience.
154: George Fox.
155: Sin.
156: John Calvin.
157: Soul.
158: Augustine.
159: The Problem of Evil.
160: The Problem.
161: Theistic Responses.
162: Hannah Arendt.
163: Just War.
164: Jihad.
165: Natural Law.
166: Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
167: Punishment.
168: Theories and Objectives of Punishment.
169: Punishment in Islamic Law.
170: Punishment in Asian Societies.
171: Cesare Beccaria.
172: Utopia.
173: Sir Thomas More.
174: Monotheism.
175: Amarna Style.
176: Politics and the Law.
177: Neutrality.
178: Hague Conventions.
179: Due Process.
180: Democracy.
181: History.
182: Contemporary Democratic Systems.
183: Equal Protection.
184: Bush V. Gore.
185: International Law.
186: Definition and Scope.
187: Historical Development.
188: International Law and Municipal Law.
189: Jeremy Bentham.
190: Social Contract.
191: Thomas Hobbes.
192: Absolutism.
193: Louis XIV.
194: Nationalism.
