Front Cover.
Half Title Page.
Editorial Board.
Title Page.
Copyright Page.
Dedication Page.
Contents.
Contents by Subject Area.
Preface.
Guide to the Encyclopedia.
1: Abiotic and Biotic Diversity in the Biosphere.
2: Abundance.
3: Abundance Biomass Comparison Method.
4: Acclimation.
5: Acidification.
6: Acute and Chronic Toxicity.
7: Adaptation.
8: Adaptive Agents.
9: Adaptive Cycle.
10: Adaptive Management and Integrative Assessments.
11: Adsorption.
12: Age Structure and Population Dynamics.
13: Age-Class Models.
14: Agriculture.
15: Agriculture Models.
16: Agriculture Systems.
17: Agroforestry.
18: Air Quality Modeling.
19: Allee Effects.
20: Allometric Principles.
21: Allopatry.
22: Alpine Ecosystems and the High-Elevation Treeline.
23: Alpine Forest.
24: Altruism.
25: Amensalism.
26: Ammonification.
27: Animal Defense Strategies.
28: Animal Home Ranges.
29: Animal Physiology.
30: Animal Prey Defenses.
31: Antagonistic and Synergistic Effects of Antifouling Chemicals in Mixture.
32: Anthropospheric and Anthropogenic Impact on the Biosphere.
33: Antibiotics in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems.
34: Antipredation Behavior.
35: Application of Ecological Informatics.
36: Applied Ecology.
37: Aquatic Organisms.
38: Artificial Neural Networks.
39: Artificial Neural Networks: Temporal Networks.
40: Ascendency.
41: Assimilative Capacity.
42: Association.
43: Astrobiology.
44: Atmospheric Deposition.
45: Autecology.
46: Autocatalysis.
47: Autotrophs.
48: Average Taxonomic Diversity and Distinctness.
49: Bayesian Networks.
50: Behavioral and Ecological Genetics.
51: Benthic Response Index.
52: Benzene.
53: Berger–Parker Index.
54: Bifurcation.
55: Bioaccumulation.
56: Bioavailability.
57: Biodegradability.
58: Biodegradation.
59: Biodiversity.
60: Biogeochemical Approaches to Environmental Risk Assessment.
61: Biogeochemical Models.
62: Biogeocoenosis as an Elementary Unit of Biogeochemical Work in the Biosphere.
63: Biological Control Models.
64: Biological Integrity.
65: Biological Nitrogen Fixation.
66: Biological Rhythms.
67: Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems.
68: Biomagnification.
69: Biomass.
70: Biomass, Gross Production, and Net Production.
71: Biophilia.
72: Biosphere: Vernadsky’s Concept.
73: Biotopes.
74: Body Residues.
75: Body Size, Energetics, and Evolution.
76: Body-Size Patterns.
77: Boltzmann Learning.
78: Boreal Forest.
79: Botanical Gardens.
80: Buffer Zones.
81: Calcium Cycle.
82: Cannibalism.
83: Carbon Cycle.
84: Carrying Capacity.
85: Catastrophe Theory.
86: Caves.
87: Cellular Automata.
88: Chaos.
89: Chaparral.
90: Chemical Communication.
91: Classical and Augmentative Biological Control.
92: Classification and Regression Trees.
93: Climate Change 1: Short-Term Dynamics.
94: Climate Change 2: Long-Term Dynamics.
95: Climate Change 3: History and Current State.
96: Climate Change Models.
97: Clines.
98: Coastal and Estuarine Environments.
99: Coastal Zone Management.
100: Coastal Zone Restoration.
101: Coevolution.
102: Coevolution of the Biosphere and Climate.
103: Coevolutionary Research.
104: Coexistence.
105: Cognition and Behavioral Ecology.
106: Colonization.
107: Commensalisms.
108: Communication.
109: Community.
110: Competition and Behavior.
111: Competition and Coexistence in Model Populations.
112: Competition and Competition Models.
113: Composting and Formation of Humic Substances.
114: Computer Languages.
115: Conceptual Diagrams and Flow Diagrams.
116: Connectance and Connectivity.
117: Conservation Biological Control and Biopesticides in Agricultural.
118: Constructed Wetlands, Subsurface Flow.
119: Constructed Wetlands, Surface Flow.
120: Cooperation.
121: Copper.
122: Coral Reefs.
123: Crude Oil, Oil, Gasoline and Petrol.
124: Cybernetics.
125: Cycling and Cycling Indices.
1: Half Title Page.
2: Editorial Board.
3: Title Page.
4: Copyright Page.
5: Dedication Page.
6: Contents.
7: Contents by Subject Area.
8: Preface.
9: Guide to the Encyclopedia.
10: Data Mining.
11: Death.
12: Decomposition and Mineralization.
13: Defense Strategies of Marine and Aquatic Organisms.
14: Deforestation.
15: Demography.
16: Denitrification.
17: Desert Streams.
18: Deserts.
19: Design Principles.
20: Detritus.
21: Development Capacity.
22: Dioxin.
23: Dispersal–Migration.
24: Dominance.
25: Dominance and Its Evolution.
26: Dormancy.
27: Dose–Response.
28: Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response.
29: Dunes.
30: Eco-Exergy as an Ecosystem Health Indicator.
31: Eco-Exergy to Emergy Flow Ratio.
32: Ecological Catastrophe.
33: Ecological Complexity.
34: Ecological Economics: Part 1.
35: Ecological Economics: Part 2.
36: Ecological Effects of Acidic Deposition.
37: Ecological Efficiency.
38: Ecological Engineering: Overview.
39: Ecological Feminism.
40: Ecological Footprint.
41: Ecological Health Indicators.
42: Ecological Informatics: Overview.
43: Ecological Models, Optimization.
44: Ecological Network Analysis, Ascendency.
45: Ecological Network Analysis, Energy Analysis.
46: Ecological Network Analysis, Environ Analysis.
47: Ecological Niche.
48: Ecological Risk Assessment.
49: Ecological Stoichiometry: Overview.
50: Ecological Systems Thinking.
51: Ecophysiology.
52: Ecosystem Ecology.
53: Ecosystem Health Indicators.
54: Ecosystem Patterns and Processes.
55: Ecosystem Services.
56: Ecosystems.
57: Ecotoxicological Model of Populations, Ecosystems, and Landscapes.
58: Ecotoxicology Nomenclature: LC, LD, LOC, LOEC, MAC.
59: Ecotoxicology: The Focal Topics.
60: Ecotoxicology: The History and Present Directions.
61: Edaphic Factor.
62: Edge Effect.
63: Emergent Properties.
64: Emergy.
65: Emergy and Network Analysis.
66: Empirical Models.
67: Endangered Species.
68: Endemism.
69: Endocrine Disruptors.
70: Endocrine Disruptors: Effect in Wildlife and Laboratory Animals.
71: Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals: Overview.
72: Endotherm.
73: Energy Balance.
74: Energy Flows in the Biosphere.
75: Entropy.
76: Entropy and Entropy Flows in the Biosphere.
77: Environmental and Biospheric Impacts of Nuclear War.
78: Environmental Impact Assessment and Application – Part 1.
79: Environmental Impact Assessment and Application – Part 2.
80: Environmental Impact of Sludge Treatment and Recycling in Reed Bed Systems.
81: Environmental Protection and Ecology.
82: Environmental Security.
83: Environmental Space.
84: Environmental Stress and Evolutionary Change.
85: Environmental Tolerance.
86: Enzymatic Processes.
87: Epidemiological Studies of Reproductive Effects in Humans.
88: Epifauna and Epiflora.
89: Equilibrium Concept in Phytoplankton Communities.
90: Erosion.
91: Estuaries.
92: Estuarine Ecohydrology.
93: Estuary Restoration.
94: Eukaryotes, Origin of.
95: Evapotranspiration.
96: Evolution of Defense Strategies.
97: Evolution of Oceans.
98: Evolution of ‘Prey–Predator’ Systems.
99: Evolutionary Algorithms.
100: Evolutionary and Biochemical Aspects.
101: Evolutionary Ecology: Overview.
102: Excretion.
103: Exergy.
104: Exergy Destruction as an Ecological Indicator.
105: Exploitation.
106: Exposure and Exposure Assessment.
107: Fecundity.
108: Feldmann Index.
109: Fermentation.
110: Fire.
111: Fish Growth.
112: Fisheries Management.
113: Fishery Models.
114: Fishes as Indicators of Estuarine Health and Estuarine Importance.
115: Fitness.
116: Fitness Landscapes.
117: Floodplains.
118: Food Chains and Food Webs.
119: Food Specialization.
120: Food-Web Bioaccumulation Models.
121: Forest Management.
122: Forest Models.
123: Forest Plantations.
124: Forestry Management.
125: Freshwater Lakes.
126: Freshwater Marshes.
127: Fundamental Laws in Ecology.
128: Fungal Defense Strategies.
129: Fungi and Their Role in the Biosphere.
130: Fuzzy Models.
1: Half Title Page.
2: Editorial Board.
3: Title Page.
4: Copyright Page.
5: Dedication Page.
6: Contents.
7: Contents by Subject Area.
8: Preface.
9: Guide to the Encyclopedia.
10: Gaia Hypothesis.
11: Gause’s Competitive Exclusion Principle.
12: Generation Time.
13: Global Change Impacts on the Biosphere.
14: Global Warming Potential and the Net Carbon Balance.
15: Goal Functions and Orientors.
16: Grassland Models.
17: Grazing.
18: Grazing Models.
19: Greenhouses, Microcosms, and Mesocosms.
20: Growth Constraints: Michaelis–Menten Equation and Liebig’s Law.
21: Growth Models.
22: Habitat.
23: Habitat Selection and Habitat Suitability Preferences.
24: Halogenated Hydrocarbons.
25: Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium.
26: Herbivore-Predator Cycles.
27: Hierarchy Theory in Ecology.
28: Hill’s Postulates.
29: History of Ecology.
30: Homeostasis.
31: Homeotherms.
32: Hopfield Network.
33: Human Ecology: Overview.
34: Human Population Growth.
35: Hunting.
36: Hydrodynamic Models.
37: Hydrosphere.
38: Hysteresis.
39: Impoundments.
40: Imprinting.
41: Indirect Effects in Ecology.
42: Individual-Based Models.
43: Industrial Ecology.
44: Information and Information Flows in the Biosphere.
45: Insect Pest Models and Insecticide Application.
46: Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis.
47: Internet.
48: Intertidal Zonation.
49: Invasive Plants.
50: Invasive Species.
51: Iron Cycle.
52: Irrigation in Agriculture.
53: Island Biogeography.
54: Isolation.
55: k-Dominance Curves.
56: Kin Selection.
57: Lagoons.
58: Lake Models.
59: Lake Restoration.
60: Lake Restoration Methods.
61: Landfills.
62: Landscape Ecology.
63: Landscape Modeling.
64: Landscape Planning.
65: Land-Use Modeling.
66: Lead.
67: Leaf Area Index Models.
68: Leaf Area Index.
69: Learning.
70: Life Forms, Plants.
71: Life-Cycle Assessment.
72: Life-History Patterns.
73: Light Extinction.
74: Limiting Factors and Liebig’s Principle.
75: Limits to Growth.
76: Macroevolution.
77: Mangrove Wetlands.
78: Margalef’s Index.
79: Mariculture Waste Management.
80: Marine Models.
81: Mass Cultivation of Freshwater Microalgae.
82: Mass Production of Marine Macroalgae.
83: Material and Metal Ecology.
84: Mathematical Ecology.
85: Mating Systems.
86: Matrix Models.
87: Matter and Matter Flows in the Biosphere.
88: Maximum Sustainable Yield.
89: Mediterranean.
90: Mesocosm Management.
91: Metacommunities.
92: Metapopulation Models.
93: Methane in the Atmosphere.
94: Microbial Communities.
95: Microbial Cycles.
96: Marine and Aquatic Defense Strategies.
97: Microbial Ecological Processes: Aerobic/Anaerobic.
98: Microbial Ecology.
99: Microbial Models.
100: Microclimate.
101: Microcosms.
102: Mine Area Remediation.
103: Model Development and Analysis.
104: Model Types: Overview.
105: Modules in Modeling.
106: Monitoring, Observations, and Remote Sensing – Global Dimensions.
107: Monocultures versus Polycultures.
108: Mortality.
109: Multilayer Perceptron.
110: Multitrophic Integration for Sustainable Marine Aquaculture.
111: Mutagenesis.
112: Mutualism.
113: Natural Wetlands.
114: Neutral Theory.
115: Nitrification.
116: Nitrogen.
117: Nitrogen Cycle.
118: Noosphere.
119: Numerical Methods for Distributed Models.
120: Numerical Methods for Local Models.
121: Ocean Currents and Their Role in the Biosphere.
122: Optimal Foraging.
123: Optimal Foraging Theory.
124: Optimal Reproductive Tactics.
125: Ordination.
126: Organic Farming.
127: Organismal Ecophysiology.
128: Orientation, Navigation, and Searching.
129: Oxygen Cycle.
130: Ozone Layer.
1: Half Title Page.
2: Editorial Board.
3: Title Page.
4: Copyright Page.
5: Dedication Page.
6: Contents.
7: Contents by Subject Area.
8: Preface.
9: Guide to the Encyclopedia.
10: Paleoecology.
11: Panarchy.
12: Parameters.
13: Parasites.
14: Parasitism.
15: Participatory Modeling.
16: Peatlands.
17: Pedosphere.
18: Pelagic Predators.
19: Persistent Organic Pollutants.
20: Phenols.
21: Phenomenon of Life: General Aspects.
22: Phenotypic Plasticity.
23: Pheromones.
24: Philosophy of Ecology: Overview.
25: Phosphorus Cycle.
26: Photolysis.
27: Phthalates.
28: Physical Transport Processes in Ecology: Advection, Diffusion, and Dispersion.
29: Physiological Ecology.
30: Phytoremediation.
31: Phytosociology.
32: Pioneer Species.
33: Plant Competition.
34: Plant Defense.
35: Plant Defense Strategies.
36: Plant Demography.
37: Plant Ecology.
38: Plant Growth Models.
39: Plant Physiology.
40: Plutonium.
41: Poikilotherms.
42: Polar Terrestrial Ecology.
43: Pollination.
44: Pollution Indices.
45: Polychaetes/Amphipode Index.
46: Polychlorinated Biphenyls.
47: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
48: Population and Community Interactions.
49: Population Viability Analysis.
50: Populations: r- and K-Selection.
51: Precaution and Ecological Risk.
52: Precipitation Pattern.
53: Predation.
54: Prey–Predator Models.
55: Principal Components Analysis.
56: Radiation Balance and Solar Radiation Spectrum.
57: Radiation Ecology.
58: Radioactivity.
59: Radionuclides: Their Biogeochemical Cycles and the Impacts on the Biosphere.
60: Reaeration.
61: Recruitment.
62: Remote Sensing.
63: Reproductive Toxicity.
64: Resilience.
65: Resistance and Buffer Capacity.
66: Respiration.
67: Retrospective Analysis.
68: Rhizosphere Ecology.
69: Riparian Wetlands.
70: Riparian Zone Management and Restoration.
71: Risk Management Safety Factor.
72: River Models.
73: Rivers and Streams: Ecosystem Dynamics and Integrating Paradigms.
74: Rivers and Streams: Physical Setting and Adapted Biota.
75: Rocky Intertidal Zone.
76: r-Strategist/K-Strategists.
77: Saline and Soda Lakes.
78: Salinity.
79: Salt Marshes.
80: Saprobic System.
81: Savanna.
82: Scale.
83: Scavengers.
84: Schrödinger’s Ratio.
85: Seasonality.
86: Sediment Retention and Release.
87: Sediments: Setting, Transport, Mineralization, and Modeling.
88: Seed Dispersal.
89: Self-Organization.
90: Self-Organizing Map.
91: Semiotic Ecology.
92: Sensitivity and Uncertainty.
93: Sensitivity, Calibration, Validation, Verification.
94: Sewage Sludge Technologies.
95: Sex Ratio.
96: Shannon–Wiener Index.
97: Simpson Index.
98: Simulated Annealing.
99: Social Behavior.
100: Socioecological Systems.
101: Software.
102: Soil Ecology.
103: Soil Erosion by Water.
104: Soil Formation.
105: Soil Movement by Tillage and Other Agricultural Activities.
106: Spatial Distribution.
107: Spatial Distribution Models.
108: Spatial Models and Geographic Information Systems.
109: Spatial Subsidy.
110: Specific Exergy as Ecosystem Health Indicator.
111: Stability.
112: Stability versus Complexity.
113: Statistical Methods.
114: Statistical Prediction.
115: Steppes and Prairies.
116: Stream Management.
117: Stream Restoration.
118: Structural Dynamic Models.
119: Structure and History of Life.
120: Succession.
121: Sulfur Cycle.
122: Support Vector Machines.
123: Suspension Feeders.
124: Sustainable Development.
125: Swamps.
126: Sympatry.
127: Synecology.
128: Synthetic Polymers.
129: System Omnivory Index.
130: Systems Ecology.
1: Half Title Page.
2: Editorial Board.
3: Title Page.
4: Copyright Page.
5: Dedication Page.
6: Contents.
7: Contents by Subject Area.
8: Preface.
9: Guide to the Encyclopedia.
10: Taxis.
11: Technology for Sustainability.
12: Temperate Forest.
13: Temperature Patterns.
14: Temperature Regulation.
15: Temporary Waters.
16: Teratogenesis.
17: Terrestrial Arthropods.
18: The Significance of O2 for Biology.
19: Thermoregulation in Animals.
20: Tolerance Range.
21: Trace Elements.
22: Tragedy of the Ecological Commons.
23: Transport in Porous Media.
24: Transport over Membranes.
25: Tree Growth.
26: Trophic Classification for Lakes.
27: Trophic Index and Efficiency.
28: Trophic Structure.
29: Tropical Ecology.
30: Tropical Rainforest.
31: Tropical Seasonal Forest.
32: Tundra.
33: Turnover Time.
34: Units of Selection.
35: Upwelling Ecosystems.
36: Uranium.
37: Urban Systems.
38: Urbanization as a Global Ecological Process.
39: Veterinary Medicines.
40: Visualization and Interaction Design for Ecosystem Modeling.
41: Vitalism versus Physical–Chemical Explanations.
42: Volatalization.
43: Wastewater Treatment Models.
44: Water Availability.
45: Water Cycle.
46: Water Cycle Management.
47: Watershed Management.
48: Watershed Models.
49: Wavelet Network.
50: Waves as an Ecological Process.
51: Weathering.
52: Weed Control Models.
53: Wetland Models.
54: Wildlife Ecology.
55: Wind Effects.
56: Wind Shelterbelts.
57: Wireless Sensor Networks Enabling Ecoinformatics.
58: Xenobiotic (Pesticides, PCB, Dioxins) Cycles.
Appendix – Useful Tables of Ecological Properties.
List of Contributors.
Index.
